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o+ K7 b2 ?/ o6 Q" c天朝博弈史
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/ G# }2 H% J q博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
+ H* k7 |8 P) K7 R5 q许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。” ! G1 e) f. s t
《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 8 C% Z" p0 R$ e* R; w& [! ^" _3 i
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7 F, E8 E* d+ k& J→春秋战国+ V8 u+ x- K, n
& V( v& ]" k1 b% [% p+ X/ P' B《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
F4 m# x, K: s+ g$ {$ B8 U0 u《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
% T. c' x6 c- f% }《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
, P2 n! A0 ^- S& U; ~6 U# ~# u% z《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
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Z1 O/ Q2 V" G( }9 s1 ]' }《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 7 O) H# D$ ~3 |+ v$ o1 A* U- }
: N3 [8 X0 O: b0 e7 J→汉朝
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汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛& s+ G/ S6 ?. L, \5 v% i
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→
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晋朝
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4 _+ `6 f' H; i& p东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
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唐朝, C$ L b& l. U( P& Y+ B: Z
; d8 M" d) h p( h; ?( I唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
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宋朝1 J3 h$ t, H; {" ^2 E
, k" V/ `/ u; W' g Q+ S北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。 0 z9 |- H i- z7 f* a/ f% K
苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。
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! m! X7 \; H. d) k6 a% r/ C《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”
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: I7 ]$ i/ t, K辽、金
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# B# G1 ^2 V& X }+ ]- @( K0 M$ i辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”0 n/ ^0 C5 `- a0 d) D
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明朝4 l- n1 F; h: w9 X% z* K
4 b" \% T5 g/ d& ^( F7 ]
明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
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' z2 R3 T2 W6 L" c! b9 p* G' r→
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6 `! X3 |9 n& |2 T1 u7 f- i清朝
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/ j+ N5 C5 [1 d& C b9 K《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 3 F! r: C1 k# o7 J; L
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康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
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雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。6 U: V' ~2 Q5 J( d9 b' Z
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清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
6 M6 R1 I b, v/ o1 d咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。
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洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。
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汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 r! G. f7 j: n- x( u* }
& s% p- ^% [7 H9 j同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。
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/ H7 f5 X& @; q. L, ^蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。/ r: E- Z' ?% l4 U
X0 T8 c1 K, V1 m" g0 p张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
* e/ o" ^9 F( z" F/ ^5 V# b吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”' c# F0 Y6 n( T
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光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” " n9 d! g( y3 V8 J2 ^ L
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8 Y( Z; l& G% j5 e$ [7 W中华民国
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; l0 k( r, A4 E" ^* x鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
1 [( L, [, K p2 R" C% B1 T1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！”
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