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" A: r; |9 `, J( A3 S) V4 D, c天朝博弈史/ s0 u3 x/ J/ P
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博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 + V' S! Q& f- f* R _
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
# x6 A4 P. a& ? v& D- w- h$ s; [《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 / j5 s [9 r k! |
5 a; ?9 t/ z+ K* p4 r7 C ^ S
& i3 r, Z5 o: r, H0 v
→春秋战国
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# _; l* v0 k: W6 g8 e2 ?1 H9 M" W《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
0 v2 I9 F3 l* z4 @- `4 u《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 6 E/ w; v" w$ \
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
/ e D: J# [, m5 F: o! L$ E- G《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
/ `+ ]3 @# h4 Z/ L/ A- S! W
7 K1 X( x6 d( @" @% L5 x《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 9 z# P1 l5 e& d$ y6 C6 n
6 c+ T2 K! M) T# Q( y l% C→汉朝; _+ F4 n' w( W# c0 W& L/ U. H
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汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛; f2 K) Q4 c3 N; k( q
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→
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晋朝
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东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
% W. K- h! T0 R5 B- N→' |$ T* t0 e- b ~! W, J
+ h; b. K' `: |9 O- h唐朝
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' i% O. P# ]* U- u" f" W唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →3 B4 |- s' \ y
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宋朝' _6 w% p, E, S2 d! u# S" d
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北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
5 V$ N# x$ m, j8 D3 K苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。+ p. e: W ~; C# K7 R4 y- E2 r
& F9 w) L0 D9 o; L《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”0 x6 s8 g- {( `$ w. e9 O) x
, |2 D6 }; Q5 q3 w→
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2 m" Y1 P9 k6 p辽、金
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" A6 ~+ w/ C9 s2 m& e; |) j辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”: y. U# R0 B2 q8 z
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→
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明朝& `- @8 s" r6 g) G9 \" E
8 ^6 |8 `0 `- H+ G2 ^8 c6 [明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。/ u8 _* |; |+ E k
$ K2 S/ N, b* I+ V' l$ F6 K& c5 T→
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9 `- a! s P9 S- P清朝0 G* Y* h7 l1 O# t- _; M& O0 l
/ ^9 p# G v- t) E: H2 c《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 * V; w+ l" ?. ? c" h6 h8 y
0 U" S" F# M1 m1 p+ `2 Y: a$ Z8 l) ?# @康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。 / w( p; q4 a$ _7 \3 N) I/ O, n
4 {) W ?; O E9 q( J0 m8 G2 i雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。& \% R S) N. I7 z! W, T
! o. x1 S! k+ N2 e M9 b* j' m
清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
8 y0 {3 F% s: g3 a# @咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。
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洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。
" I3 _* c1 A2 A. {: w$ h, ?+ Q; x/ M' R* q) y
汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 , v$ `/ f) Q- _2 { g+ a- O4 t
4 u1 }& c2 [& b7 a! l同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 ; D0 ?* H; n4 g; K. e4 t m
6 A& \# l: `1 c0 K蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。
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7 @! A" c4 M, o- r) Y' \张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。 0 g8 `/ S N5 t, d
吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”- u: }& o$ [$ }4 U3 D. b6 Z: d
8 n* d0 I7 o$ g) g2 T光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” + i" j' ~) W D" \
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中华民国% e7 j; M8 Z# X/ {9 P( {2 V) Y9 F0 w
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” : N5 z) f6 J+ Z
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” , ?9 x6 S- h/ K, ?
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