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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 ]% w' I* u, P
' v3 w+ N; p/ M; G j8 F$ i \+ f2 E天朝博弈史9 q& H2 ?* K9 _* P9 u6 x
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博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 4 o1 Z1 l' G9 c$ h2 ]1 y% g
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。” 6 r: a3 h' d1 Y' I, T
《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 4 E& x0 r7 T# Z& A) e5 U
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0 A$ t: I6 n) h6 d! K→春秋战国
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; y4 e; ^1 y& X, I5 P4 V) r3 u《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。 2 y7 ~3 G6 X% R0 [) o4 H: H9 D. P
《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
1 {8 P' g% ?/ J8 Z, y, F《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
+ A; r! C7 c. Z$ ]+ Q/ |, l% U《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
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《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
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) ?6 |- \4 c6 `, D. `! e→汉朝5 D: l2 w. S2 U# C/ X
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! T8 T& N) Z) j6 f汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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4 B8 E! w: l* N1 Y→8 F" z# N& A% X% p
3 Y) B1 F# {! n晋朝
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东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
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% X% h" f0 Z8 X' t4 k$ o唐朝9 F' N4 Q; ` D/ W6 a" R' n$ T9 a
' f( Y; ?+ j7 H唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →% F/ t- l& B- E$ {# J
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宋朝& |8 v5 z8 |/ q) Y( I$ ^
1 r; s* ^0 U# \3 ~5 ~1 i北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
, x$ [7 N+ c1 E. Q% z3 h苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。
2 a7 `( X9 n9 y' z6 U2 C/ } 9 V5 t9 d) u$ K7 _
《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”5 g, y4 K" u& E* Z+ I Y
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U B M; C6 H) w; D, p7 C辽、金' P# ~7 W9 k3 X$ X' B1 ]8 _9 {
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辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”: X, B+ p" i8 u B9 o- L
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4 O! V5 P0 G0 a% |" N! |明朝% _# {, q h9 N3 e) x; U
/ J O/ n- v; m: u# m明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
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清朝5 j- r! h. f* G5 E7 j; ~+ V% L
8 H4 ?4 j% e. R1 O+ K/ v《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 # l% I3 ~' n4 P. V( r1 Y! S
3 u3 D8 ~+ {' y康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
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; ]4 E- F% L# r9 |1 x雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。
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清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” 4 r9 F* H; F8 z# @
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。; ]: c9 o& i7 S% e# S6 V
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洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。
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汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 ) A; u. Z5 o/ _: r3 d4 d
! s, I( }3 y. y6 @' Q- P& Z: Z同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。
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1 A& M; Z0 S- p, V& Z7 w/ {- y蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。
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6 e. c, L. }0 u! u张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
8 T: n) g% w( ]7 t吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” 9 p! x5 M( `4 E2 y4 e3 k) o3 x4 y6 S
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, K7 p4 E3 q$ o3 k9 | i" p9 j# C鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” $ C7 C; j: c2 {8 k
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” ! S" Z+ e* h4 ^' k0 p! v, r
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