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天朝博弈史
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博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 : Q7 I$ n5 M& |) V
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。” ! q7 `0 u8 Y; u8 A
《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 + x6 h/ K0 ~& |* N) ~' ^
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- L q) }; l2 B/ T) K→春秋战国
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。 9 }* J) T% X% ?6 r+ w; _: b
《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 ; E- c/ V) o8 V6 a
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
3 U, O. U7 X: w, }4 ]3 K& O《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。+ p* r" n, J: N8 |
7 J0 T: B8 P# O+ n1 K' u《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 7 D6 H3 c: C" \; R" D: d
& c9 o" N5 _) _→汉朝
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汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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晋朝
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; v8 @2 c8 y8 O东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
6 }, J0 E: ~2 z- {; W→) \! z& Z. @, n; a4 i
( t3 I# D/ s! i. y唐朝
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& A" p8 [! U' k, ~* [' n唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →& C$ u" j! Q! [$ P1 W
( M0 U; |8 |4 o& a0 s. c宋朝3 Z5 z" {$ M9 Y% F2 u% {; y
6 |0 t/ T& A* ~" y5 R8 R北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
0 J' S% @6 I( K/ d' D; q9 R* A苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。* V# x( c2 Z5 E- W
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《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”
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- z* l7 y3 i3 @& D2 }5 ~, {) ?辽、金
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辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”2 k2 y `0 I2 W( e
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→
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明朝1 I' J. |. N5 |% _: g
9 ?0 a' p/ Z/ D, w7 J明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
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清朝) O: _9 D9 n* g, A) U" K
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《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 : O* n% P' o! b1 U
4 ?! F+ n: t* P7 E
康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。 5 W+ A* s z& q" `+ k* i5 Q9 G
1 `# C2 P1 p1 L雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。* ?; \5 W) l F& g: E2 [( Q ?, ]7 i
8 B$ M8 H0 O/ T& G1 q4 l1 ]清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
2 P0 u! O' R/ |& x8 X咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。5 O3 |8 y9 a B. I! h5 E" F
0 R2 J/ d% u" {6 [; f洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 * m% j7 s; v3 G3 v4 Y4 [; F
5 [ S8 s. L8 K7 ^$ {! y/ O汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 9 Y: J- m# p/ t; K" a ^' U; L6 f, P
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同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 0 J* ~% X# j/ [ h3 n; n% `
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蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。
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张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。 * A7 r' |: y# N, I0 C- f y
吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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- C% `$ \& x/ Y+ P/ L! X4 q% h8 p光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” - y7 o+ p, L$ }0 C2 _
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中华民国
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” 2 B$ `! W) _7 Y6 K' w2 Y
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！”
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