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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 + z0 s1 J$ O$ X( B% R
9 u( K9 S8 \0 \天朝博弈史
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, g1 a# m- D6 P博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
' g8 T8 A% o7 Y5 \6 Q6 ~许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
$ A. N: L7 H$ H) ]4 K/ Q; |5 m, j《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 ! R% ~1 X+ k- d% @1 s4 Y( L' U2 ~
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$ L% w. _! ~! ?# L% y→春秋战国6 }7 _) I+ K& |6 P
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
8 _: W8 {& X u. F) \$ Q, ?《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 : i( j- t! }5 ?, Z
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决” + d; W: [- y" ~$ Q6 D' L0 x
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
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《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
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z( o# {8 h9 Y3 z6 s) \' u→汉朝
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/ x; ^2 v6 t c4 ?" B, {% Y汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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晋朝4 ^7 m& s! f+ k1 t! }0 R. I2 ^
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东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” : N- A2 o9 h2 g% M+ ?' `
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唐朝
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3 B" H6 M: z1 n' j2 [0 Z+ o9 i) h3 x9 F唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →" I' d: X, |. E ~5 f$ ^
- @: I- X0 |$ `- b0 G" p宋朝, f8 I5 |* H; A
8 y# R3 C* ]% P* x北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
# R- c F9 T& }( j/ b6 Y9 S( g苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。
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《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。” g3 @. B, P9 m, h
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辽、金
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* H6 i" Y+ C. N8 \7 `; I辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”
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明朝
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. s% Q0 n! M8 D& m5 L明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。4 T p3 g( ^ O# b3 s& K$ ~
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清朝& ~7 R4 z5 Q; c0 w5 j* ~/ F! {
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《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 ( t2 i! I* f+ R3 B
) w3 @% g5 j- v0 S0 o康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
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6 _& q5 ]. \" g/ r# T; b* k: j雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。! R( Q' z) ^& ]
$ p/ ~$ {5 m6 Z2 V$ i清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
0 g# m+ W! |% ?咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。; L; Y b. W) t7 j: F: D
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洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 , |* {9 k/ _4 z9 C8 Z
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汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 & P5 A6 j) B2 N {) C$ D
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同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 0 z R3 o X8 s- l
1 c T# O! V8 {% o# x蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。
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张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。 ! w! q2 Y: n8 A# n+ c1 A, d8 ^
吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”: m2 J. p8 {# X/ L1 R
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光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” * {) d9 u6 m1 `; N8 t% G8 M3 K* J
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3 W0 ~* a, R; \, T* \. k
鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
& R Y' m9 L+ F% {! m5 A1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” ' }8 N) T# U9 ]. U+ A/ M- M+ M% q
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