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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 ( T1 E& f3 A4 x! ^
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天朝博弈史- G& a5 e+ V9 U7 k
; \. {/ X1 y! J- u1 E博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
& [: ^4 w' q) G( M- r2 N# }许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。” / \) _; F! N* Z d2 ~
《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。
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+ O& e* V) M0 `7 V+ _→春秋战国 {& ^# \9 Q1 E# T. ?! u$ ]# Y4 K
, s) F, w$ O9 b N# n) o$ O6 H' z《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
; W1 x- y0 E' j& }* S1 b《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 & ~$ U7 |& Q$ P5 O, ~
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
f6 i G/ ?4 X! c《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。1 F0 ^7 c3 O7 ^
$ Q) A8 z4 i0 y8 n. Q《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 ! @+ ?8 }' k7 ^* y7 s
- t) u1 M4 D6 ^' u( N# P7 M+ d j7 h→汉朝 D$ e, M1 h) g3 b0 o
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汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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晋朝& P' a& Z# `7 W/ Y6 c0 {
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东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
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$ t/ n8 ]! ^$ k0 g唐朝+ ]4 ] A. w+ y8 _
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唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →. Y1 O. @8 E3 d: I
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宋朝 ^( l. Y. j1 S2 }% K, g
5 @8 R: L5 ? {; a2 A L- z7 S北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。 U/ R) t8 |: G9 T+ J/ @8 @
苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。; r' w2 U& m# d9 \8 }% Q+ J: o' Y+ W
" g' O" Y2 n4 f* Z+ I% K《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”
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4 c" w! Q' g9 D5 u- B& ^辽、金
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辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”& n8 @; ?' @+ ~1 R7 e! ~, w
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6 J3 g! Y* v4 r2 A2 J0 y3 Z6 U0 A; `* Q5 |. S明朝
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; G" K7 h& s) ]$ U3 K( i1 Y, Z. L明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
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清朝0 U0 s7 L, E1 A5 a7 }& q
! u7 U6 Q4 W1 u; _7 x《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 & W# H* h) p* U) m) U/ v8 S2 s+ j
$ j. Z/ S" a( R3 L3 {& W7 p康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
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/ g0 W$ a, J+ g, ~雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。
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清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” 9 h; ?2 _! ^' [5 z( B6 u( @9 a
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。) U2 T3 l2 e$ [' l( P
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洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 - Z' K% D" {# u' v( a. h8 _: i0 [
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汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。
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$ r" B0 T+ ]6 o: D; g5 k同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。
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( `: o U/ e! X蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。1 m! P' y6 I) f$ i# J' j
9 F4 t; h" N5 S: X& P" O4 y" k' Y [张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
2 b; g. Z8 I7 h3 f* T% r0 P- ~' W2 {吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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: }$ I% B* Q K7 ]# c; c光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
. P: J$ ] S( y: {2 X- E* A1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” , G5 ^: v* {) [0 z) k" E
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