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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 " \/ d o2 D% c4 H" Z* G
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天朝博弈史 C5 g7 Z& Q0 ~0 J" ~
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博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 % M8 r4 R5 b7 E/ q0 Y
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
. P- V- C9 f0 q; |7 @《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 9 c, \8 m/ j8 u {
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→春秋战国
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
. W+ ]/ O+ v4 @1 A5 w《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
+ [) ^* @! l! ?. i; Z《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
" ^' j7 W' r+ O《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
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+ M2 ]( N% [5 g; w6 x: K《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 " c9 L1 O& i" L8 \2 A: |0 |/ t
- H* q$ L/ O6 f+ i, u→汉朝
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. c8 I/ [/ \6 n4 q6 N; @汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛# z# g' V3 y& k$ P* J! F
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' x% M4 R Y: a) z3 Q晋朝) z' r: s9 |% x% M
8 P9 C4 o, E% p: V东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” 3 M& H1 e( T5 g# V7 Z7 b
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, l3 d. P, ]7 B唐朝. O: o* g7 i, f* ^) t
# J) j. R0 n r* j& }: n唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →8 E& b* j; V6 K' `6 Y" W
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宋朝
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& S" q9 n: k8 c% y& M' f$ b5 N北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。 3 S0 O0 n& t# U/ }
苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。; s c% T3 ~5 n1 I
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《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”
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辽、金
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6 z; x6 R0 d, K0 Y3 }, [- s; s9 a: _辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”) |* `2 g& [" [7 P
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明朝; c) _' |$ l6 V2 p! q [6 k) j- n: h
- b6 [3 M' P, j/ T1 F5 g) V( J! A, u明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。9 Z0 N# i+ m0 Z7 `4 n# G( c z
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清朝
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《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 - I( U) H* p0 N5 G, e- |5 Y" O
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康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。 ) W0 Y% h2 c* C1 ? \" U7 x
% _$ O: ]) c/ T雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。, _( d0 h: ^$ t+ G! h6 N9 a" n
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清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
5 y0 u0 L- f. C. w/ f1 t0 Z8 B9 G咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。; l* B1 p1 ^# x8 x
. I p+ G" J9 w2 ~, f6 _洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。
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$ V2 |- ?, ~5 a& R R2 S5 s汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 0 E8 R$ A; T2 x X
% ]% h/ d$ q* ]% H同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。
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蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。
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张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。 % \5 O( i1 D' n/ S+ k4 d* R
吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”( P& _/ m% A' Q+ B% }
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光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” - E! N2 |3 S- b5 o! w+ F4 ?
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5 L- ^4 z# }/ F: E d9 c+ M! {& k鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
% T% e! _( |# n) g% }7 b5 X1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” $ ]9 m9 x" W. X) r6 @0 }5 J+ |
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