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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 6 Z! P9 x6 M) B b9 B/ w6 d; A$ n
8 h9 Y" U# _7 ]" A" Z: M, w天朝博弈史
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! T+ n0 k; A5 e; u博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 ' a y1 D F( o0 P4 K
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。” " h5 i; X, f/ o: _2 {/ Y: o! {" G
《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。
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→春秋战国
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; s( U/ f; P( ^5 ^' p& M2 F《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
6 y. W' y$ i4 k1 }' [2 L n8 T《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 5 T7 T3 {% |) B( J$ `. E: b4 d, n8 t# G$ M
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
. g* O4 r# J2 ?9 `0 b8 E9 R5 m《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
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《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
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2 n3 r* t* }/ r& Q→汉朝
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& p6 C, [2 T& |4 t+ g汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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晋朝
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东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” 4 g7 _1 O3 T* g8 `
→
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+ g' V; u2 e1 y% ], H% z唐朝3 E# Y4 W- W2 [) x
j) U7 r Z) @6 I4 W3 v; L唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →- m6 l7 c, H) J
: @- l7 J' j# W5 ^宋朝, W3 t, J4 T0 O1 s B4 @
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北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。 7 ?9 b6 {+ F' G" v
苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。 m( `$ W3 C3 `- \7 q6 Q' n
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《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”* {2 K/ @- m! X' @0 z7 V
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→0 D r' X4 `/ }
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8 |- h5 G" [9 w辽、金
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辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”: E, s1 U5 v/ d* F/ b& F- S
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→
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! L) J: v1 y4 g; x8 a* X. p明朝
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明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。- b& `2 A% s7 k# S5 [: L
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. B+ O( }3 H7 j4 W清朝; ]0 n ^3 a5 P! f0 e) [- @( b
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《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。
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- J. ~/ E3 Q9 b& W0 T康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
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雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。
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清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” & L4 B0 ^( E. m. f% l
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。
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# |9 d- T) c( z$ d. ~" j& K: i洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 ! y1 _6 N4 m/ f: o# n3 k
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汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。
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, m: [' g {0 O% _/ q& }同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 Y; ^% ~/ R3 P! A( c5 T Z$ P
: e3 P" [4 l/ o. ]$ k- v* [' a蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。
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1 ?$ J5 q) q% }+ y" m* F8 o张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。 ' V9 o2 |2 T0 x# F& Z
吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”% L1 h2 Q9 [3 w2 A
v3 C+ E+ _9 d J光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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中华民国
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
- ~/ l2 X8 F6 E' `1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” : [7 p. A% T8 E$ S
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