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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 " W$ o# S D. u( {5 ]6 o" o
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天朝博弈史+ _+ B2 w. n+ L' T0 Q# s, N* |
; v& i1 X7 D8 {( T4 w( r; s$ ]博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
" a3 h, Q3 \" r) R- L许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
- \5 R9 Z4 y4 ~/ M2 d2 o' V《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 / ^' Q+ k2 }' t( E
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! g2 M D, I5 a N5 W6 E9 |→春秋战国# |" R: T. M6 ~8 l
+ y8 {* y6 S6 F9 X
《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。 ; t3 t: o$ Q9 b1 X) a
《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 2 @& v# y5 U. V+ \% k
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
9 p# |. w1 [1 e) R% U《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。: y# t, y Z N& L8 y: s e l+ S9 s* l
9 R! s5 H. L0 v- j+ _7 h3 |《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 2 y4 N* L7 }# Q8 d; E$ y( D9 R( I& V
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→汉朝% {* |# M6 k& s8 u+ g
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汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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+ x8 c0 K) W/ C; b) c→
5 [- Y) A0 M2 P, q& u% s$ H% x3 U$ V# B# L0 A
晋朝
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东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
4 Q r# Q7 ^- X P9 j/ b→
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2 }- e' g' l' \* e: L8 ~唐朝6 X2 i$ O2 N4 Z! Z* U
3 v( n4 r" ~. o/ o( x唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
5 t5 ]+ c/ }& ^0 I+ ]3 g' V" s5 s: C0 t! z# ?$ r
宋朝
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! j ^8 y1 X: S北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。 2 v9 `1 g3 c g% C
苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。
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5 y/ F/ ^6 F& y6 S' f《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”
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→0 T. p( s0 A! ]6 S
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6 \- |1 P5 H$ |. v$ c辽、金
+ ~, f9 M0 j% P! O- g# v; H- I
+ H6 a& ?8 ?' ~( w辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”
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7 h/ _( ~' Q6 W' M5 Q. B→ G( x3 I- {9 D/ Y5 e) Y7 g9 a: o4 A6 x
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明朝, ^7 Z: F8 S& F8 x2 b
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明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
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→
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( C& b# @; T: j6 Y清朝
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; a" q( W% @: X- N, V* W! v《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。
1 ?* |7 I* s2 E8 {" u
4 C j; m7 k% ?) Y+ R! W; ~) n P康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。 0 q7 E# Z# }- e8 s6 u
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雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。, k6 ]$ S1 s4 M
7 K) M% w9 v- k( g2 l清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” 5 @% ]% P3 M/ k' S; i2 m: u3 ^
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。
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" T8 u/ y( H0 A" _ G洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 ( ?3 m0 ~! ^% p2 ^- T) R9 x
9 ], `& `6 o7 H) F5 `/ ^
汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。
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6 u: ~4 P: Q9 ]- _2 \: W5 Y同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。
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4 ?5 _0 |+ j* |6 l蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。
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. k0 z( D0 P5 L6 x# P% O4 { [4 C张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。 % K5 {* j$ v4 r' F6 C
吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”/ C9 `0 v s/ b3 P
0 ?) _' \( b( O; n! z; Y1 o# d+ P. D光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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2 V5 ^* v$ Z: K! H$ r# \; p中华民国
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” 8 [0 Z7 e- |! h9 \( ]
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” 0 k6 g8 ^3 k# I, p" W& k) y6 j7 n# y
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