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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 / w* ^( g$ d, r
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天朝博弈史9 _0 q& Z7 e- ^" a( Y* ]
) V# B' y6 u6 l- E" L博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
j6 G4 i& ^3 F, G6 Q& |/ c" V; q许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
9 P, q' O0 c$ y8 ]$ `. n《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 $ Z" U! v# [& H1 ?7 w2 n
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→春秋战国
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! c! l( \2 F% J! q" s《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
( f( w. [; i: V8 W《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 0 s ?1 H: M4 p1 D
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
" _" g% s& F' b4 v. i《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
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《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 ( R: P8 a5 D2 W! b# o
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→汉朝, u! \" j; J9 M1 h
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汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛: w5 I$ J3 E+ I4 s
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/ }' b( b* R/ h$ y晋朝) ~1 g$ V. `: `( J$ o
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东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” 3 C6 y) c9 v X z$ m
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0 z1 G! ^' }0 g1 a/ K' ?! c% D唐朝
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唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
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! y l6 Y" e% X# C1 `( [宋朝
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- m2 Q: c3 e$ X( U北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。 h1 C# `& Q, e3 o2 y4 ]4 g
苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。
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+ C% x9 r b& w7 c7 z《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”
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辽、金
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8 `" q7 N: j4 m" e; V* W辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”
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* a9 y. Z" C* D$ f8 S$ R明朝
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明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
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→
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8 g8 r \4 l x; m- w清朝5 r3 z2 }, W' T: V6 d1 {. |6 Y
$ d" H- B* @: \6 Q$ n《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 9 v. h1 Y0 Y" k* H4 @3 T$ e
! a# b' |( Y/ `' V* M康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
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雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。
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清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
# N& h& k6 {' N" s" L; x咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。
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洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 7 H- Z7 `4 @; v' z, J" M7 T
: b$ u; a O3 {% ?) R9 I/ I汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 : B K4 L, P+ V' a$ ~, _
9 S! j0 T* r( Y- C+ e同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 . i+ f' I/ q" B# H4 P5 [/ X" y D
: s/ g X+ r2 _% \, _3 ^蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。4 E5 ]8 U. F& l7 P) N
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张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
4 N/ ^9 f2 R P) A5 L6 V吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”& E8 C% f' h( j. O
3 L9 N2 V' ^( d. z% o/ x: u. f光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” $ C7 G' i1 L5 ?
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” 4 } \% |$ j m( U3 Z3 C
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” + U. j( g8 \+ j7 g/ J' w7 j& I
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