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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑
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天朝博弈史# ^7 @- Y) C. L# w8 U r( m" }% k
$ q s2 v8 S: }! i博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 * y* Z: g8 [2 W. S% ? d
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
: J" p0 I7 |4 @+ d7 B) [3 e《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 2 L( `) I: d; P2 c' C
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2 x' q5 @; z: f6 C( @4 ]6 P→春秋战国5 h0 L- B. X: h/ [# {- M
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。 & M8 A# p% K4 _/ }! G8 m
《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
5 E* P- `9 l; E% d# t《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
4 |' X- r4 @0 Z5 x《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。+ [ U& }6 b C5 c- \2 I
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《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
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→汉朝6 ~. c% c2 _3 ?* d- l; w
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6 X2 E: x7 e) b$ ]" f0 Q- i+ H汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛+ x8 ?- u# B' Y' D( a: E
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晋朝$ [8 T, u/ u7 B! [* j; m' S/ Q' V
1 P0 A2 @& u% m. _- f) M东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
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唐朝
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; y" q5 g! C1 l7 C( F$ u唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 → s& K9 j [1 |5 S+ c8 Z
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宋朝4 ^' O. M3 l5 k l8 K
' Y2 ^; F& N' _北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
: [/ W: [2 L4 M& }3 Z# K苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。
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/ I, K, o) m, u3 R$ v* l% e& r. B《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”
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5 _: k" Q/ H' y/ h辽、金+ T- g; E8 y& c; Y! x @
' K: i" \, w# u# Q( l辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”( O( x4 ^+ V5 U* [0 R# r1 _9 ^
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2 s. a, ^ Q2 p4 P( w明朝0 z+ l9 Z/ c0 j8 Y# S
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明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。. Y2 ~4 m5 B! J7 Z
+ u; u- i* S# Y" b* b→
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% Q: k$ u U7 q# R. d8 N8 Z: {, A清朝" c" J9 z$ `2 Q( k# u
& W4 s2 J6 X" ?1 h, Q
《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。
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康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。 7 A& y0 p9 e9 L9 U% ^
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雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。. T: D6 Y% p0 h% H- D
/ _0 S3 P0 O( h7 j' I. |0 e清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
# ?5 `6 g U( C' G+ G3 g2 \咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。 I0 b/ s0 x+ u3 f" u. r* l+ c
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洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。
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; I5 K) N# {4 [1 v1 x( A汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。
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. O8 ^! \; Q/ ^同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。
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蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。
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' ?2 _( w' l- c8 ~6 G1 i张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。 Q: Y- S: ]7 w" b2 Z! h2 s
吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”4 {; D% C/ v( p
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光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” * t2 G" p& j4 w4 \7 d
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- H) \6 B: D7 b! h) O' D) ]2 `中华民国! ?/ a3 [4 |/ S
/ I( @! e- L2 _7 p: m/ U+ G8 X R鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
: A* }! H4 @! ~- }6 P* Y1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！”
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