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8 a; F* }8 {7 E( K. u' f0 F# q) N天朝博弈史! B! E1 f1 x4 c! r6 @3 }2 T) x
# x- A' ^* x% K# V. _
博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 # A: Y2 P1 b4 E2 Q+ F4 s, H/ D1 x
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
7 L5 Y/ ]5 n5 L7 R# B《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。
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% c% q, u4 i& f, t: F5 c→春秋战国2 X, j S* Z% _/ z
: t$ v1 }9 `/ {' y4 [0 j$ n1 s/ ^
《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
# w2 f1 w+ L# e1 E3 M《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
# I. ]. I# D4 R* r/ D4 X; y《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
; l$ A; {2 v! V. `1 J《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
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0 C% c) \2 A* C$ r《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 % ~9 u3 h6 z5 T. y; |
9 u. R8 r0 A! S6 }
→汉朝
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- S' o) a J+ Y) K: ]" {" c- ^1 O9 F y
汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
4 a1 m; _$ Q5 ~7 V& ^- a , V- _* j4 n$ _" q# R9 w6 S
→8 p# O9 w& |/ D; ~$ X6 W3 K
: o, R) J5 z5 q) e/ M晋朝
`& p- |! M8 T+ F: ]3 B6 Z0 x3 n! F( j8 _( }3 [ N
东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
x! n, ?% W' w8 ^. V/ _→
% B# \1 N5 K# ^- O( S- v# Y
# Z: X- Z$ o5 j* Z8 `唐朝
- Q" V' _( p( }: ~' C% Z1 z
! n4 c9 I5 _, V7 H唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →2 ~2 H* N/ u& Z' v. V( ?. f$ n
8 r' c- E, i- k7 H& @2 \ b宋朝' F; Y6 U4 p" O
+ @- ?! b6 |( {' ^4 t& h
北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。 9 r0 E" E% G _6 R. Z, Z
苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。
- }% P8 v' u) C# A * U' B/ \8 p6 u0 X
《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。” s. T% ^3 o' p
) m" Y& H8 F+ t9 c2 _1 _+ G→' }( y" W1 R- Q
) m2 w' b- m8 I3 ^
8 c6 e4 ~: t+ ?9 [: m, ^7 R辽、金
+ J4 }7 R& x. m- O" L" a r% U3 t/ {; R4 g B/ |8 [. m9 r% V
辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”
5 f3 W( n9 F+ N0 D6 ?6 a
7 x* |; P4 X- C. M→- ] m; |+ \; g6 G+ m; u1 b& q
& _% d2 ~7 _ o
v5 U3 w- k2 }1 V0 Q% g5 a明朝
$ i9 i1 ^# q3 ]9 F* ]& |9 Q& K4 x3 e, J; u% D6 J
明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
- \1 P5 q8 d- r7 ?3 z3 W; I - T+ F l7 ~9 w0 G1 B
→9 }5 h) t1 ~" |! r, b1 G* C! ]7 u+ `
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/ R$ J+ K- p4 _0 z7 e; j
清朝
2 m2 U/ E% I$ z6 C/ b& Z' a$ R
! u o8 o& p, V4 B$ N《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 ! ]: N0 r$ E1 X
! e5 F- I5 o( g4 X
康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。 2 h+ ]3 e' _- _* D) S" P; v2 J
! @( ~/ R2 y: s) T1 X雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。0 P$ N6 F5 E6 A% e
# M9 m, k* E9 ^& \清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
" y) ?/ @8 h+ L& H9 [. k3 Z2 A' Y. ~咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。# w N g( i) B$ W
6 ?7 {. y% F* g* S5 N! X& P洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 . x/ x: c" m- w3 V- }5 w0 w1 R( Y6 d
2 ?3 M( y. u) K* X- ]7 [- b& W汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。
+ h. F0 A' {3 y2 I: t
1 y9 s8 w/ i! h同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 1 R& _; G4 \ j* b3 h0 M" _
3 j$ }& o' B' Q蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。
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# i% i* F% H! N3 I+ `/ e) W. T张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
4 v7 M) E: a9 } T1 P8 R0 j6 g吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”: `* U( I2 W: b! X6 ]+ G
, @ }/ x5 W$ a. P! B# F" d光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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c' m8 h5 M# `7 \/ P5 U1 b中华民国
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7 R* E/ o+ l2 c- Z6 J" c* E; R+ d) l鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
! \, z }& O! |2 J1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！”
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