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“The Merge”正在到来
以太坊2.0的升级自Vitalik Buterin在2013年发布“下一代智能合约和去中心化应用平台”——以太坊白皮书以来就一直热议不断，在经历过数次跳票后，以太坊终于要迎来具有历史性意义的“The Merge”升级，以太坊主网将和以太坊信标链进行合并并完成由POW工作量证明机制迁移至POS权益证明机制的转变，但“The Merge”只是一个开始，以太坊还将引来“The Surge”、“The Verge”、“The Purge”和“The Splurge”等升级引入分片链并优化数据结构以及客户端成为最终版本。
“可以做发达之后处于守势的苹果，但绝对不能做固步自封的诺基亚”，共识机制的转变是以太坊在成为真正的“世界计算机” 路上必须要经历的考验，尽管升级后以太坊的未来充满了未知，但以太坊迈出了在区块链发展中历史性的一步！
*本文章仅为个人分析，不构成任何投资意见，如出现不正确的内容欢迎各位指出。
目录
一、以太坊为什么要升级？
（一）能源消耗问题
（二）可扩展性问题
（三）安全问题
（四）公链竞争
二.以太坊2.0将会引来哪些重要升级？
（一）以太坊的“协调者”——信标链
（二）以太坊的“数据仓库”——分片链
（三）POS权益证明机制如何运行？
三.POS权益证明机制下的以太坊惩罚机制是什么样的？
（一）有哪些惩罚机制？
（二）如何检测到节点作恶？
四.历史重演？以太坊2.0升级面临硬分叉会发生什么？
（一）现在的硬分叉与过去ETC分叉有什么区别？
（二）以太坊2.0升级会出现多条硬分叉吗？
（三）Miner是否可以拆除难度炸弹？为什么难度炸弹会使得Miner更容易产生意见上的分歧？
POW工作量证明机制下的以太坊正面临着能源消耗大、可扩展性低、算力越来越集中威胁网络以及高性能公链不断侵蚀市场的问题，进行扩容升级才能维持以太坊在公链中的霸主地位。 正在与目前POW机制主链平行运行的POS机制信标链将会在“The Merge”升级后与主链合并并替代POW机制成为主链新的共识机制。 分片技术可以将以太坊的数据放在64条分片链上进行处理，极大的提高了TPS处理速度，并且分片节点的硬件要求门槛很低，甚至可能实现在个人笔记本和手机上运行节点，使得网络节点更加去中心化。 在POS权益证明机制下信标链将会根据币龄随机分配验证节点负责提议区块并需要通过2/3网络节点的验证投票后才可出块，在极端情况下协议将会启动紧急状态解决无法出块的情况。 POS权益证明机制下的以太坊有两套惩罚机制：节点异常运作的惩罚（Penalties）和节点作恶要面临的削减（Slashing），削减（Slashing）惩罚更严重最高面临损失全部权益且会被驱逐出协议，而惩罚（Penalties）只是进行罚款。 验证节点需额外运行Slasher节点才可以检测网络上的作恶行为，运行Slasher节点并没有利润可言属于利他行为，全网仅需一个诚实且正常运作的节点即可检测所有作恶行为。 以太坊2.0升级面临的硬分叉与ETC分叉时情况不同，大量的不可复制资产如中心化稳定币等问题将会使得以太坊POW的分叉链陷入混乱，链上基础设施生态也可能会因为缺乏POW链预言机的运行而导致无法正常运作，并且中心化稳定币的发行商在分叉的未来上有决定性影响。 以太坊POW的分叉链将不会只出现一条，难度炸弹和其他因素可能使得Miner们出现分歧导致出现多条POW分叉链，最终大部分分叉链的结局可能都会随着时间而消亡。
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