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Tornado Cash被制裁 隐私与监管是否真如鱼与熊掌一般不可兼得
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2022年8月8日，据美国财政部的海外资产控制办公室（The Office of Foreign Assets Control of the US Department of the Treasury，以下简称OFAC）的官方网站显示，链上混币器Tornado Cash已被添加到其特别指定国民名单（Specially Designated Nationals list，以下简称SDN List）中。
SDN list列入的公司、组织及个人，被认定会对美国国家安全以及外交、经济政策造成危害，在美国境内的所有人士以及企业不得与黑名单上的对象进行交易，否则违法并会受到制裁。Tornado Cash被列入此名单中将意味着所有美国个人和实体都被禁止与TornadoCash或任何与该协议绑定的以太坊钱包地址进行交互。
Tornado Cash的原理介绍
最初的区块链在设计上并非是完全匿名的。虽然账户不会与个人真实身份进行一一对应，任何人或者组织都可以创建无数个Hash 账户并参与校验，但是由于交易的公开性，任何人都可以在公共账本上对交易进行追踪，并可能利用这些信息找出交易背后的真实身份。
与之相对应的，如图一所示。Tornado.Cash则是基于ZK-SNARK（也称零知识简洁非交互式知识论证）技术设计的一种完全去中心化的非托管协议。通过打破源地址和目标地址之间的链上链接来提高交易隐私。为了保护隐私，Tornado.Cash 使用智能合约从一个地址接受代币存款，然后用一个全新的地址将资金提取出来，即以隐藏发送地址的方式将 ETH 和其他代币发送到任何地址。这些智能合约充当混合所有存入资产的池，当用户要将一笔资产进行匿名转移或者混币时，就将资金放入池中，Tornado Cash就会给该用户生成随机密钥作为私人凭据，用来证明用户已执行了存款操作。而后，此私人凭据作为你提款时的私钥，合约将 ETH 或其他代币转移给指定的接收地址，同一用户可以使用不同的提款地址。
图一（图源自Binance）
而根据Beosin Alert的统计（如图二），仅在2022年上半年，就有价值约11.407亿美元的被盗虚拟资产被黑客转移至Tornado Cash，而这大约占据了Web3损失总额的60%。尽管Tornado Cash作为运营方也自称尝试过很多努力，但还是并不能限制洗钱，也不能阻止部分不法分子的存款和提款。
图二 |
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