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陈永伟:美国的Web 3.0政策评介
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作者:陈永伟 导读 《关于确保负责任地发展数字资产的行政命令》指出,加密技术的发展使得数字资产获得了迅速的增长,这对消费者、投资者和企业都产生了深远的影响。不过,由于这一领域的创新过于迅速,使得原本的监管框架难以完全应对,这就决定了美国对待数字资产的方法需要进行一次变革。 《负责任的金融创新法案》旨在为数字资产创建一个完整的监管框架。如果说,拜登的行政令是“重在务虚”的话,那么这个立法提案就是试图“务实”地回应Web 3.0监管中遇到的一些问题。 《加州州长第N-9-22号行政令》主要目的是为 Web 3.0公司创造一个透明的监管和商业环境,并协调联邦和加州法律,平衡消费者的利益和风险,融入公平、包容和环保等加州的价值观。 最近,“Web 3.0革命”正在席卷全球。随着相关领域的新业态和新商业模式不断涌现,越来越多的人开始认识到,这场革命或许会彻底改变互联网的格局。为了在这场技术变革中抢占先机,并且让它尽可能沿着规范的道路发展,很多国家陆续出台了与Web 3.0相关的各类政策。由此,“Web 3.0革命”也就从一场民间自发的运动发展成了一场有国家支持的技术竞争。 在关于Web 3.0的竞争中,美国毫无疑问是最值得关注的一个国家。一方面,在关于Web 3.0的实践方面,美国是最为活跃的。根据CB Insights统计,在2022年第一季度全球的区块链融资中,有63%发生在美国。与此同时,全球一多半的Web 3.0创业公司和投资人也集中在美国。另一方面,在Web 3.0实践丰富的同时,美国遭遇的Web3.0相关问题也是最多的。例如,关于数字资产的定位、DAO的税收义务、稳定币的监管等问题,在美国都已经有了一些案例。 由于这两方面的原因,美国在政策方面对于Web 3.0也给予了很多的关注。2021年12月8日,美国众议院金融服务委员会在国会山举行了一场名为“数字资产和金融的未来:理解美国金融创新的挑战和益处”的听证会。在这场听证会上,前美国货币审计署(OCC)署长、时任BitFury首席执行官的布里安·布鲁克斯(Brian Brooks)向国会议员作了一段关于Web 3.0的汇报。这场报告让在场的议员们认识到了Web 3.0的重要战略意义。从此,“必须确保Web 3.0革命发生在美国”就成了美国决策层的共识。此后,美国陆续在联邦和州层面出台了一系列政策——包括总统行政令、国会立法提议,以及州长行政令等。这些举措,都在某些角度回应Web 3.0发展中的一些问题。 所谓“知己知彼,百战不殆”。目前,我国也是Web 3.0国际竞争中的一员。为了在这场竞争中胜出,我们就必须充分了解包括美国在内的各国Web 3.0发展状况以及它们的政策主张。在本文中,我们就对美国对Web 3.0的几个重要政策进行一些介绍。 《关于确保负责任地发展数字资产的行政命令》2022年3月9日,美国总统拜登签署了第14067号行政令,即《关于确保负责任地发展数字资产的行政命令》(Executive Order on Ensuring Responsible Development of Digital Assets)。虽然这个行政令的主旨是“确保数字资产负责任地发展”,并没有直接提及Web 3.0,但从内容上看,该行政令却涉及了对待Web |
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