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头条观察 | 以太坊转PoS对去中心化有何影响?
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最近,在Reddit论坛上关于建立在以太坊之上的计算基础设施是否过于集中的问题再次爆发了的激烈辩论。根据链上数据,约有33%的以太坊节点在亚马逊云计算服务器(AWS)上运行。
早在2020年,Morgan Creek联合创始人Anthony Pompliano就曾发布推文提出了对该问题的担忧,他认为,“由于亚马逊创始人Jeff Bezos可以通过简单地关闭AWS来关闭大多数基于以太坊的DeFi应用程序,以太坊并非做到了真正的去中心化。”那么,现在情况到底如何呢?
以太坊PoW阶段的中心化问题
上图显示了在AWS上运行的托管以太坊节点的百分比(53.5%)。据统计,在以太坊约5000 个主网节点中,有2/3处于托管状态,其中50%使用AWS,17% 位于弗吉尼亚州Ashburn 的单个数据中心。这看起来非常令人担忧,因为它违背了以太坊的去中心化叙事。然而,该图表忽略了在私有机器上运行的节点,托管服务提供商为大约67%的节点提供便利,而29%位于私人住宅环境中。
另外,还有一个很少被拿出来分析的统计数据是:超过50%的住宅节点通过少数美国的互联网提供商运行——Verizon、Comcast、Spectrum和AT&T合计占非托管以太坊节点的51%。
亚马逊、Verizon、AT&T、Spectrum和Comcast为以太坊网络上大约47%的节点提供了便利。这个百分比与以太坊在美国的总分布一致。美国运行的节点数量几乎是其他国家的5 倍,位居第二的是德国的11%。由于47%这个数字已经非常接近51%,即足以摧毁一个网络的临界点,从理论上说,如果恶意行为者通过恶意手段在这五家美国公司的攻击中获得对节点的访问权,则有可能够对网络造成严重损害。
然而,以太坊基金会研究员Dankrad Fried表示,51% 攻击并不会给予攻击者绝对的控制权,不过仍然会导致严重的问题。攻击者可以阻止使用以太坊区块链,并对链上交易进行回滚,即撤销一定数量的区块并更改其中交易的顺序。但51%攻击无法从钱包中取出数字资产或铸造新币,但恢复交易可能导致双花,这是一个重大问题。
PoS能否解决问题?
以太坊信标链的合并是向PoS权益证明迈进的最后一步。根据文档说明,该事件应该会促成一个更加去中心化的生态系统。目前,以太坊信标链上已经有超过40万个验证者在运行,其中每个验证者质押32枚ETH。
Lido、Coinbase和Kraken三个质押池构成了信标链上质押的ETH总量的50%以上。因此,从理论上说,POS也存在类似的风险,这是由于利益相关者将ETH委托给矿池以绕开质押32 ETH 的最低要求以及其他技术门槛导致的。这满足了较小投资者的需求,但实际上也导致了质押即服务协议,存在一定的中心化平台联合起来作恶的风险。
以太坊中的亚马逊AWS
2021年,亚马逊在其亚马逊托管区块链服务上推出了以太坊,允许用户在几分钟内激活以太坊节点。对开发人员来说,AWS的熟悉度及其与许多互联网流程的现有集成使之成为一种相对顺畅的体验。对于任何dApp来说,节点都是不可或缺的,节点可靠、安全和健全是任何项目的首要任务。亚马逊AWS在web 2领域赢得了世界上最大的公司的信任和尊重,现在它正在寻求在web 3领域建立类似的成就。
自2020年以来,尽管在亚马逊AWS上运行的托管节点的百分比下降了大约3%,它仍然保留了很大一部分托管节点,几乎没有受到其他强有力的竞争。当然,即将到来的web3公司,如Alchemy、Ankr和其他公司提供节点即服务产品,理论上可以与亚马逊竞争。
但是,其中许多服务也使用Amazon AWS,这减少了它们对去中心化的影响。Gateway.fm等公司正在寻求提供裸机服务器基础设施来解决AWS问题,但仍处于开发的早期阶段。总体来说,使用AWS并不会对以太坊区块链的可行性构成固有风险。但是,从理论上来说,如果各大中心化实体同时受到攻击并造成严重破坏,则会造成一定程度的威胁。
来源:金色财经 |
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